Book iS5 . 

Copight]^? . 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSm 



Right-DRESSr 



A MANUAL OF 

SIMPLE DRILL REGULATIONS 

FOR SCHOOLS 



BY 

FREDERICK J. REILLY 



EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 

BOSTON 

New York Chicago San Francisco 



Copyright, 1909 

BY 

EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 

APR 3 

Copyrltfftt £ntry 
cuss XXc. No, 
COPY B. 



PREFACE 



The Syllabus in Physical Training for the Public 
Schools of New York (September, 1908), says: 

"All marching and facing used in assemblies, 
dismissals, changing classrooms, etc., shall be in 
accordance with the United States Army regula- 
tions. ..." 

The editor has essayed to compile from the com- 
plex and technical army manual a set of regulations 
suitable for use in Public Schools. The aim of 
this manual is not to seek the introduction of military 
drill as such in our schools, but to make use of the 
best features of the military drill for effective physi- 
cal training. And there is no more direct means 
for cultivating that habit of prompt and willing 
obedience, which is fast becoming one of the lost 
arts. The erect carriage and the precision of move- 
ment of the soldier appeal strongly to children. 
And we need something to counteract the ath- 
letic slouch" that is so much affected by our boys 
and the indescribable locomotion of many of our 
girls. 

The editor gratefully acknowledges that he is 
indebted to Evander Childs, Principal of P. S. 10, 

3 



4 



PREFACE 



The Bronx, for most of what is good in the manual; 
and to John W. Davis, District Superintendent^ 
without whose encouragement and helpful criti- 
cism this little book would probably never have 
been offered for publication. 

Acknowledgment is due also to my fellow teach- 
ers for their hearty co-operation, and in a special 
manner to Joseph Gill, Jr., for assistance in prepar- 
ing the plates. 

F. J. R. 

New York 



CONTENTS 



Section Page 

I. Commands 7 

II. Position of the Soldier 8 

III. Facings 13 

IV. Forming Ranks 19 

V. Rests 32 

VI. Marching 32 

VII. Salute with the Hand 52 

Appendix 

Exercises for Poise in Standing and 

Walking 55 

Two Minute Drill 56 

United States Army Setting-up Drill 63 

Class Athletics 75 

Chest Expansion 89 

Index 95 



S 




PLATE I. Incorrect Position — Shoulders drawn up, 
arms stiff, heels apart, feet splayed. 



Right-DRESSV 



I. — COMMANDS. 

There are two kinds of commands: 

1. The preparatory command, as For- 
ward, indicates the movement that is to 
be executed. 

2. The command of execution, as 
March, is the signal for carrying out the 
order. 

In this Manual preparatory commands 
are distinguished by italics; those of exe- 
cution, by Capitals. 

The preparatory command should be 
given at such an interval of time before the 
command of execution as to admit of being 
properly understood; the movement is to 
begin at the instant the command of exe- 
cution is given. (See Note under § III., 
Facings.) (See also § VI., Marching.) 

The command. Attention, is sometimes a 
preparatory command, sometimes a com- 
mand of execution. Given to a line march- 



7 



8 



Right-DRESS 



ing, it means simply 'listen for the order 
that is to be given." To a Kne standing at 
ease, it means ^'instantly assume the posi- 
tion of the soldier." 

Indifference in the manner of giving 
commands should be avoided, as it leads to 
laxity in execution. Commands must be 
given with spirit at all times. 

To revoke a preparatory command, or 
to begin anew a movement improperly 
begun, the instructor commands, As You 
Were, at which the movement ceases and 
the former position is resumed. 

Short and frequent drills are preferable 
to long ones, because the power of atten- 
tion is soon exhausted. 

The instructor explains briefly each move- 
ment, at first executing it himself. He 
requires the scholars to take the positions 
unassisted, and does not touch them for the 
purpose of correction, unless absolutely nec- 
essary. 

II. — POSITION OF THE SOLDIER. 

Heels on the same line and as near each 
other as possible. Feet turned out equally 
and forming with each other an angle of 
sixty degrees. (This angle should be less 




PLATE II. Incorrect Position — Good, except that weight 
is all on the heels. 




PLATE III. Correct Position — Notice that body is in- 
clined slightly forward, the weight being 
sustained largely on the ball of the foot. 



Right-DRi:ss 



13 



rather than more than sixty degrees.) 
Knees straight without stiffness. Body 
erect on hips, inclined a little forward 
(weight divided between the heel and the 
ball of the foot). Shoulders square and 
falling equally {not drawn tip). Arms and 
hands hanging naturally, backs of the 
hands outward; elbows near the body. 
Head erect and square to the front; chin 
slightly drawn in, without constraint; eyes 
straight to the front. (See Plates I., II., and 

III.) 

The ''Two Minute Drill" used in the schools of 
New York City is excellent for acquiring correct 
carriage of the body. I suggest that this exercise 
be given at the opening of the morning session, that 
the children may at least begin their day's work 
with backs straight; and that it be repeated as often 
as need be during the day. 

The United States Army setting up drill is even 
better. 

(For these and other exercises, see Appendix.) 

III. — FACINGS. 

Always see that the heels are together. If they 
are separated the line will not be straight after 
facing. 

At the command, i. ^To the Right, 
throw the weight of the body on the right 



14 



heel. At the command, 2. Face, face to 
the right, turning on the right heel, assisted 
by a slight pressure on the ball of the left 
foot; place the left foot by the side of the 
right, without scraping. Do not shift the 
right heel. Distribute the weight as be- 
fore. (See § II. — Position of the Soldier.) 

To the Left — Face is executed on the 
left heel assisted by pressure on the ball of 
the right foot. Do not shift the left heel. 

* I have inserted the words To the before Right, 
because a preparatory command should be such 
that the company may know what they are to do 
and I submit that with the commands, Right — 
Face and Right — Dress, there is no way of telling 
which is to be done, and confusion often results. 
(See § 1. — Commands.) 

At the command, i. About, throw the 
weight on the right heel. At the command, 
2. Face, face to the rear, turning to the 
right on the right heel and the ball of the 
left foot ; replace the left foot by the side of 
the right. About — Face, is never exe- 
cuted to the left. 

Or 

At the command, i. About, carry the 
toe of the right foot about six inches to the 
rear and two inches to the left of the left 



Right-BR^ss 



19 



heel, without changing the position of the 
left foot. 

At the command, 2. Face, face to the 
rear, turning to the right on the left heel 
and the right toe; replace the right heel 
by the side of the left. (This is the Offi- 
cer's About — Face.) 

The facings should, at first, be executed to four 
counts, as follows: 

1. Throw the weight on the right heel. 

2. Turn on the right heel and ball of left foot. 

3. Bring up left foot to position. 

4. Redistribute the weight. 



IV. — FORMING RANKS. 

A rank is a line of boys standing side by side. 
A column or file is a line of boys standing one 
behind the other. 

Forming a rank in the proper manner 
is somewhat difficult unless taught step by 
step, as follows: 

I. Form a column according to size in 
open order ^ that is, each boy standing so 
that with arms fully extended his finger- 
tips just touch the shoulders of the boy in 
front of him. (See Plate IV.) Arms down. 



20 



Right-DR^ss 



See that the heels are together; then order, 
I. To the Right (or Lejt), 2. Face. This 
brings them in a rank more or less straight, 
but in open order. 

2. Teach them to execute Eyes — Right 
(or Left) as follows : Turn the head to the 
right so as to bring the left eye in a line 
about two inches to the right of the center 
of the body, eyes fixed on the line of eyes 
to the right. 

3. Explain that the purpose of execut- 
ing Eyes — Right, is for each boy to see 
to it that his eyes are in line with those of 
the boys on his right. Straighten the line 
without closing up to proper distances. At 
the command Front, head and eyes are 
turned promptly to the front. 

In executing Eyes — Right, keep the 
head erect; under no circumstances lean 
forward or look down at the feet. 

4. Teach the raising of the left arm for 
distance, as follows: Place the palm of the 
left hand on the hip, below the belt line, 
fingers together and pointing downward. 
See that the shoulders are kept levels that 
they are not thrown forward or back; that 
the elbow is in the same plane with the 
body — not pointing out to the rear. (See 
Plates VIII. and IX.) Ask the scholars to 



practice this before a mirror at home. It 
is the most difficult part of the exercise. 

5. Explain the purpose of raising the 
arm, viz., to enable the next one to get the 
proper distance. Explain that, to form a 
straight line, they must get their eyes and 
shoulders (not their toes) in line with those 
on their right (or left). Remember that 
the left arm is always used to get distance, 
whether dressing to the right or to the left. 

6. Try the combination, Eyes — Right, 
Left Arm Up. Criticise the alignment. 
Correct errors of position. All this with- 
out attempting to close up to proper dis- 
tance. 

7. When you find they have mastered 
these steps, move the first boy forward 
a few feet; have him raise his left arm, 
if he is on the right of the line, and 
give the order i. Right, 2. Dress. At the 
command, the remaining boys, one by one, 
step forward, each boy shortening the last 
step so as to find himself at least six inches 
in rear of the new alignment, which must 
never be passed. They execute Eyes — 
Right, and place the left hand on the hip, 
keeping the head erect. Then, taking steps 
of two or three inches, each boy moves up 
until his right arm rests lightly against the 



26 



elbow of the one on his right and his eyes 
and shoulders are in line with those of the 
boys on his right. Repeat this several times. 

If the order is Left — Dress, each one 
executes Eyes — Left, and moves up till 
his left elbow touches the right arm of the 
one on his left. 

Remember that a line is a succession of points: 
that number five must not get into his place until 
number four has found his. 

8. Move the first boy forward. Explain 
that when you give the order, Fall In, each 
boy is to step forward in turn, form the line 
as above directed, and, when he is sure he 
is right and sure also that his neighbor on 
the left has his position and distance, then 
he is to drop his left arm and turn his head 
and eyes to the front, without waiting for 
an order to do so. (See Plates VI. and 
VIL) 

Note — Each boy steps up into his place from 
behind the line, never backing into place from the 
front. 

Note — When the command is Fall in, each 
boy assumes the position of attention as soon as his 
neighbor has found his distance; when the com- 
mand is Right (or Left) — Dress, the position of 



Right-DRESS 



31 



dressing is retained by all till the command Front 
is given. 

The rank being properly formed, you will 
find that the interval between the boys is 
about 4 inches. Now, see that the heels 
are together; give the order, i. To the 
Right, 2. Face. This brings them stand- 
ing in column at proper facing distance 
which will be found to be about 12 inches. 
Have each boy notice this and learn to 
measure it with his eye so that he may, if 
called upon, form a column at proper fac- 
ing distance without first forming the rank. 

Or, show them how they may approxi- 
mately measure this distance by pressing 
the elbows against the front of the body 
and extending the forearms until the finger- 
tips touch the back of the boy in front. (See 
Plate V.) 

Note — DonH try to do it all in one lesson. 

To Count Off. 

At the command, Count Off, all except 
the leader execute Eyes — Right (or Left, 
if count be taken from the left of the line) ; 
each one turns his head and eyes to the 
front as he counts. 



32 



Right-DRBSS 



V. RESTS. 

At the command, Fall Out (or Break 
Ranks) the scholars may leave their ranks, 
but remain in the immediate vicinity. At 
the command, Fall In, they resume their 
former places, in the position of the soldier, 
as above explained. 

At the command. Rest, each one keeps 
one foot in place, but is not required to 
preserve silence or immobility. 

At the command, i. Parade, 2. Rest, 
carry the right foot about five inches straight 
to the rear; weight on the right leg, left 
knee slightly bent; shoulders level and 
square to the front; clasp the left thumb 
with the thumb and forefinger of the right 
hand, fold the fingers; let the hands hang 
naturally in front of the body; preserve 
silence and steadiness of position. (See 
Plates X. and XI.) 

At the command, i. Company (or Class), 
2. Attention! resume the position of the 
soldier. 

VI. MARCHING. 

I submit that children should not be ordered to 
march unless they are made to march. If very 
young children cannot be trained to march with 
some approach to accuracy, they should be told 



PLATE X. Parade, Rest, Incorrect — Lounging, shoul- 
ders out of line. 



PLATE XI. Parade, Rest, Correct. 



Right-D-R^ESS 



37 



simply to step forward. It is amusing to hear a 
teacher give the order i. Forw^ard, 2. March, 
and then go on singing, ''Left, Right, Left, Right,'' 
and see the children not left-righting at all, and 
making no attempt to do so. It would be wtll for 
the principal to fix a certain grade in which the 
children should begin to learn to march; and if, 
in that grade and the following one, a goodly portion 
of the time given to physical training were devoted 
to teaching the children to march properly, much 
good, I think, would be done. 

Ordinary marching is called quick time " ; 
the regulations call for 120 steps a minute; 
in actual practice, however, the average is 
betv^een 100 and no a minute. 

Marching at a run is called double 
time"; the cadence called for is 180 steps 
a minute, but that speed is seldom main- 
tained. 

The interval between the command For- 
ward and the command jMarch, should be 
two beats of common time, and should in- 
dicate the speed at which the class is to 
march. The word Forward is spoken on 
the first beat, March" on the third beat, 
and the left foot strikes the ground on the 
first beat of the next measure. With the 
younger classes, marking time with the 
hand as in music, while giving the order, 
will help them to catch the cadence re- 
quired. 



Right-DRi:ss 



To March. 

At the command, i. Forward, throw 
the weight of the body upon the right leg, 
but keep the left knee straight. 

At the command, 2. March, move the 
left foot smartly, but without jerk, straight 
forward, sole near the ground; at the same 
time throw the weight of the body forward, 
and plant the foot without shock, weight 
of the body resting upon it; next in like 
manner, advance the right foot and plant 
it as above; continue the march. Avoid 
taking too long a step, especially in starting. 

In marching, slouchy carriage of the body, or 
slovenly scraping or dragging of the feet should not 
be tolerated for an instant. The feet should strike 
the floor with a clear sound — not with a scrape. 

When the order to march is given see that every 
boy in the line steps ofl' at the same instant — not 
waiting for the one in front of him to move. This 
is essential, even though the first steps must be 
short in order to open out the line to marching 
distance. Facing distance, standing in column 
is about twelve inches. A good free marching 
distance is from 18 to 24 inches, according to the 
size of the boys. (See ''Open Order, " Plate IV. ) 
Care must be taken to avoid three evils: i. March- 
ing in lock step; 2. Starting one by one instead 
of all together; 3. Scraping the feet while taking 
the short step. 



Right-DRESS 



39 



Co March with the ''Spring'' or "Balance 
Step.'' 

At the command, March, move the left 
foot smartly, straight forward, sole near the 
ground; do not bend the left knee, nor try 
to take a long step; press down the left 
toe; at the same time throw the weight of 
the body forward and plant the foot without 
shock, receiving the iveight first on the hall 
of the foot before allowing the heel to touch 
the ground; next, in like manner, advance 
the right foot, and plant it as above. Al- 
low the arms to swing naturally. Keep the 
step short and snappy. Avoid ^^tip-toe- 
ing" and the exaggerated bending of the 
knee. 

The Balance Step" requires considerable per- 
sistence on the part of the principal and all the as- 
sistant teachers, but when achieved, has several 
marked advantages: 

1. It enables large bodies of children to move 
about the building with very little noise. 

2. It strengthens the muscles of the legs by 
obliging the children to sustain most of their weight 
on the muscles (the ''springs") and not so much 
on the bony framework. 

3. It makes for a light and graceful carriage 
of the body at all times. 



40 



Right-T>RT:ss 



To March in Double Time, 

I. Forward^ 2. Double Time, 3. March. 
At the command, Forward, throw the weight 
of the body on the right leg. At the com- 
mand, ]\Iarch, raise the hands until the 
forearms are horizontal, fingers closed, 
nails toward the body, elbows to the rear; 
execute a run on the ball of the foot at a 
cadence of 180 steps per minute, throwing 
the body forward and allowing a natural 
swinging motion of the arms. 

If marching in quick time the first prepa- 
ratory command, Forward," is omitted. 
At the command, INI arch, given as either 
foot strikes the ground, take one step more 
in quick, and then step off in double time. 

To resume the quick time, i. Quick 
time. 2. March. At the command, 
March, given as either foot strikes the 
ground, advance and plant the other foot 
in double time; resume the quick time, 
dropping the hands by the sides. 

Instructors will find it necessary for some time, 
to indicate the cadence at each change from quick 
to double time and vice-versa. 

At the command, i. Class, 2. Halt, 
given as either foot strikes the ground, 



i?i^A/-DRESS 



41 



advance and plant the other foot; place 
the rear foot by the side of the other. If in 
double time drop the hands by the sides. 

The command, Halt, should, like all 
other orders, be preceded by a preparatory 
command as, i. Attention (or Company^ 
or Class), 2. Halt — the interval between 
the two being the same as in i. Forward^ 
2. March. 

To Mark Time. 

I. Mark Time; 2. March. 

Being in march: At the command, 
March, given as either foot strikes the 
ground, advance and plant the other foot; 
bring up the foot in rear and continue the 
cadence by alternately raising and planting 
each foot on line with the other. The feet 
are raised about four inches from the 
ground, straight tip, by bending the knees, 
the sole being approximately parallel with 
the floor. 

Another method of marking time, pos- 
sessing more virtue as a calisthenic exer- 
cise, is as follows: Alternately advance the 
feet, about four inches, as though about to 
step off, without bending the knee ; replace 
without scraping. (See Syllabus in Physi- 
cal Training, September, 1908.) 



42 



Right-DRY.ss 



Side Step, 

At the command, i. Right Step, 2. 
March, carry and plant the right foot ten 
inches to the right (less rather than more) ; 
bring the left foot beside it and continue 
the movement in cadence of quick time. 
The side step is used for short intervals 
only. 

Lejt Step is executed in a similar manner, 
starting with the left foot. 

Back Step. 

At the command, i. Backward, 2. 
March, step back with the left foot twelve 
inches straight to the rear, then with the 
right and so on, the feet alternating. At 
the command, i. Class, 2. Halt, bring 
back the foot in front to the side of the one 
in rear. The back step also is used for 
short intervals only. 

Caution. — When the command is given for 

One Step Forward, March 
One Step Backward, " 
One Step to the Right, 
One Step to the Left, " 

see that the step is a short one. When such an order 
is given to secure space for free movement in the 
gymnasium for instance, it is better to call for two 




PLATE XII. Column, Right, 



Right-DRESS 



45 



or three steps forward, back, or to the side. The 
step taken should not be a stride. It should not 
exceed 15 inches; in fact, 12 inches is enough for 
boys. 

In the three foregoing exercises (Mark Time, 
Side Step, Back Step) the weight should be cushioned, 
i.e., sustained on the ball of the foot an instant 
before the heel is allowed to sink to the floor. 

According to the Army Manual, in giv- 
ing orders for the three following move- 
ments : 

1. By the Right Flank, March 

2. To the Rear J ^' 

3. Change Step, 

the significant word in the preparatory 
order and the word March, must be uttered 
as the right foot strikes the ground. The 
instructor must catch the cadence from the 
right foot and not from the left as in other 
orders. The time is as follows: 

123 4 12 etc. 

left right left right left right 
By the Right Flank, March 
To the Rear, 

Change Step, " 

To March by the Flank. 

(To change from marching in column to march- 
ing in rank, or vice-versa.) 



46 



Being in March : i . By the Right Flank. 
2. March. 

At the command March, given as the 
right foot strikes the ground, advance, and 
plant the left foot ; then face to the right in 
marching and step off in the new direction 
with the right foot. 

(In executing By the Left Flank, condi- 
tions are exactly reversed.) 

To March to the Rear. 

Being in March: i. To the Rear, 2. 
March. 

At the command, March, given as the 
right foot strikes the ground, advance and 
plant the left foot ; then turning on the balls 
of both feet, face to the right about and 
immediately step off with the left foot. 

If marching in double time, turn to the 
right about, taking four steps in place, 
keeping the cadence, and then step off with 
the left foot. 

To Change Step, 

Being in March: i. Change Step, 2. 
March. 

At the command, March, given as the 
right foot strikes the ground, advance and 



PLATE XIII. Salute — Notice the thumb — fiat against 
the forefinger, its tip pressed into the 
right temple. 



PLATE XIV. Salute, Correct. 



1 



Right-DRi:ss 



51 



plant the left foot; plant the toe of the 
right foot near the heel of the left and step 
off with the left foot — take a ''skip.'' 

The change on the right foot is similarly 
executed, the command, March, being 
given as the left foot strikes the ground. 

To Change Direction, when Marching in 
Column, 

Being in march: i. Column Right (or 
Left), 2. March. 

If this movement is done to commands, 
the directions are the same as for By the 
Right Flank — March. 

The Army Manual says that those following the 
leader, without shortening the step, march squarely 
up to the turning point, execute the right (or left) 
turn on the same ground and in the same manner 
as the leader. This presumes an interval of forty 
inches. Marchiig at full arm distance, however, 
all those in line after the leader must slightly shorten 
the step as they approach the turning point, in order 
to give time for the one in front to make the turn 
and get out of the w^ay so that the next one may 
turn on the same spot. 

This movement is executed every day in school 
without orders, and I submit here a few suggestions 
that will be found helpful in getting it done well. 

The company must be cautioned against two 
things: i. Scraping the feet in shortening the 



52 



step; 2. Swinging out of line before making the 
turn. 

A device that is helpful in training a class to turn 
a corner sharply is to have each boy keep his eye 
on some fixed mark ahead of him, as a gas jet, a 
door jam or the teacher's raised hand, and march 
straight up to that and then turn. But such de- 
vices should be discarded as soon as possible and the 
boy trained to use judgment in the performance of 
his duty. (See Plate XII.) 

VII. — SALUTE WITH THE HAND. 

I. Right hand, 2. Salute. Raise the 
right hand smartly till the tip of the fore- 
finger touches the lower part of the head- 
dress (if uncovered, the forehead) above 
the right eye, thumb and fingers extended 
and joined, palm to the left, forearm in- 
clined at about forty-five degrees, hand and 
wrist straight. (Two) Drop the arm 
smartly by the side. (See Plates XIII. and 
XIV.) 

Officers and men when saluting, look 
toward the person saluted. 




PLATE XV. Forward, Bend. 



APPENDIX 



EXERCISES FOR POISE IN STAND- 
ING AND WALKING 

Exercise I. 

1. Heels raise (away up!) 

2. Left foot forward place (about 12 
inches) — still standing as nearly 
on the toes as possible. 

3. Right foot forw4ard place (along 

side left foot). 

4. Heels sink! Alternate and reverse, 

stepping backward. 

Exercise II. 

1. Left foot forward place (about 10 

inches). 

2. Heels raise. 

3. Heels sink. Repeat several times. 

4. Position. (Replace left foot.) 

5. Right foot forward place. 

6. Heels raise. 

7. Heels sink. 

8. Position. 

Both these exercises if given frequently, will 
develop the poise and spring necessary to graceful 
carriage. 

55 



TWO MINUTE DRILL. 



/. Prepare for Exercise. (Desks cleared 
and raised ; windows opened . ) 
//. Take places. (Each child should 
know his place and get to it 
promptly.) 

///. Attention. (Every one erect and 
still. Press the neck firmly back 
against the collar.) 



Breathing. 
IV, I. Inhale. 2. £x/^a/^ (4 times.) 



Stretching. 

V f Bend Relax; bend forward 

' 1 deeply. (See Plate 

1 2. Downward 



Straighten body quick- 



f TJ4Y- rl ^^""^S arms up, fin- 
]i* ^/rXT g^^^ straight, palms 
( 4. eiai .^^ stretch! (See Plate 

XVI.) 

56 




PLATE XVI. Upward, Stretch. 



59 



6. 
7- 



Back 



Downward 
Press 



8. Position 



Force arms back, but not 
down. 

Begin downward 
movement pressing 
arms back as far as 
possible, palms turn- 
ing out and down as 
arms descend. (See 
Plate XVII.) 

Everyone erect and 
still. (4 times.) 



Knee Bending. 

VI . I. Rise on toes and quickly bend 
knees, going down all the way, 
keeping back erect, arms hang- 
ing straight down. (See Plate 
XVIIL)' 

2. Straighten knees, poise on balls 
of feet, then heels sink. In 
the heels sink there should be 
no shock, no striking of heels 
on the floor. (8 times.) 
VI L Right (or Left), Face. (Toward the 

windows). 

VIII. I. Inhale. 2. Exhale (at least 4 
times). 



6o 



Right-DRESS 



I frequently omit the breathing before the stretch- 
ing and take it more than four times at the close of 
the exercise. 

The drill should be short, sharp, and snappy. 
Don't interrupt for criticism or correction unless 
you must. 



PLATE XVII. Downward, Press. 



UNITED STATES ARMY SETTING- 
UP DRILL. 



All soldiers are regularly practiced in the 
following exercises, which may be supple- 
mented by those, in authorized calisthenic 
manuals. 

The instructor places the men three * 
paces apart. 

In these exercises it is advisable to re- 
move blouses and caps. 

As soon as the exercises are well under- 
stood they may be continued without re- 
peating the commands. For this purpose 
the instructor gives the commands as pre- 
scribed, then adds: Continue the exercise, 
upon which the motions to be repeated are 
continuously executed until the command 
halt. 

At the command, Halt, given at any 
time, the position of the soldier is resumed. 

First Exercise. 

I. Arm, 2. Exercise, 3. Head, 4. 
Up, 5. Down, 6. Raise. 

63 



64 



i?Z^/^/-DRESS 



At the command Exercise, raise the arms 
laterally until horizontal, palms upward. 
(See Plate XIX.) Head : Raise the arms in 
a circular direction over the head, tips of 
fingers touching top of the head, backs of 
fingers in contact their full length, thumbs 
pointing to the rear, elbows pressed back. 
(See Plate XX.) Up: Extend the arms 
upward their full length, palms touching. 
(See Plate XXI.) Down: Force the arms 
obliquely back and gradually let them fall 
by the sides. (See Plate XXII.) Raise: 
Raise the arms laterally as prescribed for 
the second command. Continue by re- 
peating Head, Up, Down, Raise. 

Second Exercise. 

I. Arms vertical, palms to the front, 2. 
Raise, 3. Down, 4. Up. 

At the command Raise, raise the arms 
laterally from the sides, extended to their 
full length, till the hands meet above the 
head, palms to the front, fingers pointing 
upward, thumbs locked, right thumb in 
front, shoulders pressed back. (See Plate 
XXIII.) Down: Bend over till the hands, 
if possible, touch the ground, keeping the 
arms and knees straight. (See Plate XXIV.) 




PLATE XVIII. Knee Bending. 



Right-DRESS 



67 



Up: Straighten the body and swing the 
extended arms (thumbs locked) to the 
vertical position. Continue by repeating 
down J up. 

Third Exercise. 

I. Arm, 2. Exercise, 3. Front, 4. Rear. 

At the command Exercise, raise the arms 
laterally until horizontal, palms upward. 
Front: Swing the extended arms horizon- 
tally to the front, palms touching. (See 
Plate XXV.) Rear: Swing the extended 
arms well to the rear, inclining them slightly 
downward, raising the body upon the toes. 
Continue by repeating front, rear, till the 
men, if possible, are able to touch the backs 
of the hands behind the back. 

Fourth Exercise. 

I. Leg, 2. Exercise, 3. Up. 

At the command Exercise, place the palms 
of the hands on the hips, fingers to the 
front, thumbs to the rear, elbows pressed 
back. Up: Raise the left leg to the front, 
bending and elevating the knee as much as 
possible, leg from knee to instep vertical, 
toe depressed. (See Plate XXVI.) Up: 
Replace the left foot and raise the right leg 
.as prescribed for the left. 



68 



/-Dress 



Execute slowly at first, then gradually 
increase to the cadence of double time. 
Continue by repeating up when the right 
and left legs are alternately in position. 

Fifth Exercise. 

I. Leg, 2. Exercise, 3. Left {Right), 
4. Forward, 5. Rear, or, 5. Ground. 

At the command Exercise, place the hands 
on the hips, as in Fourth Exercise. For- 
ward: Move the feft leg to the front, knee 
straight, so as to advance the foot about 
fifteen inches, toe turned out, sole nearly 
horizontal, body balanced on right foot. 
Rear: ]Move the leg to the rear, knee 
straight, toe on a line with the right heel, 
sole nearly horizontal. Continue by re- 
peating Forward, Rear. 

When the recruit has learned to balance 
himself, the command Forward is followed 
by Ground : Throw the weight of the body 
forward by rising on the ball of the right 
foot, advance, and plant the left, left heel 
thirty inches from the right, and advance 
the right leg quickly to the position of jor- 
ward. Continue by repeating ground when 
the right and left legs are alternately in the 
position of Forw^ard. 



PLATE XIX. Arm Exercise — i. 



Right-DRi:ss 



Sixth Exercise. 

I. Lung, 2. Exercise, 3. Inhale, 4. 
Exhale. 

At the command Exercise, place the hands 
on the hips as in Fourth Exercise. Inhale: 
Inflate the lungs to full capacity by short, 
successive inhalations through the nose. 
Exhale: Empty the lungs by a continu- 
ous exhalation through the mouth. Con- 
tinue by repeating Inhale, Exhale. 



PLATE XX. Arm Exercise 



PLATE XXI. Arm Exercise 



i 



^1 



CLASS ATHLETICS 



As Practised in the Schools of New 
York City 

The only kind of athletics that is really worth 
while. 

Class Athletics is a de\dce by which 
every boy, physically fit, may enter any 
athletic event and, if he does his best, feel 
that he is helping his class to win, even 
though he may not be good in the event in 
which his class is entered. In this form of 
athletics, a trophy is won, or a record is 
made, not by the indi\ddual record of a 
boy, but by the average of the individual 
records of the boys in a class. This plan 
has been tried in several boroughs of this 
city, and it has met with marked success. 
In many large schools practically every boy 
has entered, arousing great interest in ath- 
letics. 

Trophies will be awarded in this borough 
by the P. S. A. L. for the best class records 

75 



76 



i?/^/z/-DRESS 



in Standing Broad Jump, Pull Up or ''Chin- 
ning/' and Running; one each for fifth, 
sixth, seventh, and eighth year classes. 

The records are found as follows: 

Jumping. The class is taken by the 
teacher, or some one assigned by the princi- 
pal, to the yard, the street, a vacant lot, or 
any suitable place. It is better to line the 
boys up in the order in which they are to 
jump, as it prevents confusion. Each boy 
jumps, taking three jumps if he wishes, and 
his best jump is recorded. The class 
record is found by adding the individual 
records, and dividing by the number of 
boys entered. 

Full Up. An inclined ladder is ideal for 
the pull up, or a bar may be fitted into a 
doorway, or the horizontal bar in the 
gymnasium may be used. The boy must 
pull himself up till his chin is over the bar, 
and then lower himself the jull length of 
his arms This he does as many times as 
he can. He must not touch the floor with 
his feet when he lowers himself. The num- 
ber of times he pulls himself up is his record. 
The class record is found as above. 




PLATE XXIL Arm Exercise — 4. 




PLATE XXIII. Second Exercise 



— Arms, Raise. 



Right-BRESS 



8i 



Running. The distances are: fifth year^ 
40 yards; sixth year, 50 yards; seventh 
year, 60 yards; eighth year, 80 yards. 
There is a difiiculty in taking the individual 
records of boys. In many schools four or 
five hundred boys will run. Long before 
the records of any such number of boys can 
be taken, most stop watches will give out. 
On this account the following method has 
been adopted: 

The boys are lined up in the order in 
which they are to run. The timer, who 
acts also as starter, stands by the finishing 
line, his watch in his left hand and his hand- 
kerchief in his right. When ready, he 
slowly raises his handkerchief, then weaves 
it downward with a quick motion, at the 
same instant starting his watch; this is the 
signal for boy No. i to start and for No. 2 
to step up to the starting line. As boy 
No. I nears the finishing line, the timer 
raises the handkerchief slowly as a warn- 
ing to No. 2, and at the instant No. i crosses 
the finishing line, the handkerchief is again 
quickly waved downward. No. 2 starts 
and No. 3 steps to the starting line. In the 
same way every boy is started, and as the 
last boy crosses the finishing line the watch 
is stopped. The record is found by divid- 



82 



Right-DR^ss 



ing the elapsed time as shown by the watch, 
by the number of boys that race. 

If an ordinary watch is used, start the 
first boy when the second hand is over the 
sixty mark, and proceed as before. 

General Regulations 

For any class to enter for a trophy, not 
less than eighty per cent of the enrollment 
for the month in which the record is taken, 
must take part. The number taking part 
must not be less than eight. 

Events will occur as follows: Standing 
broad jump, in the fall; Pull up, in the 
winter; Running, in the spring. 

Records are to be sent in for : 

Standing Broad Jump, not later than 
December i. 

Pull Up, not later than March i. 

Running, not later than June i . 

Distances for Running: fifth year, 40 
yards; sixth year, 50 yards; seventh year, 
60 yards; eighth year, 80 yards. 

Jumping must be from a line. Many 
schools cannot have a ^'take off" without 
considerable inconvenience. 

In Class Athletics the P. S. A. L. places 
no restrictions upon the boys excepting 
physical fitness. 



PLATE XXIV. Second Exercise — Dow. 



Right-DRi:ss 



85 



In jumping give the record in feet and 
inches, carrying the inches out to ten thou- 
sandths. Carry out other records in the 
same way. This is to prevent ties. 

When the records are all in, the three 
classes having the best records will be finally 
tested by the P. S. A. L. If the record then 
made is better than any record sent in, the 
trophy will be awarded to the class making 
this record. If, however, this record is not 
as good as some not included in the three 
selected, then the classes will be tested in 
the order of their records, until one is made 
that is better than any not tested. 

The trophies are perpetual. They are 
in the form of a shield, a brass tablet being 
put upon each, showing what school won 
it at each competition. This school will 
hold it until it is won by some other school. 
The school winning a trophy will receive 
an engraved certificate which becomes its 
property. It is hoped that souvenirs can 
be given to each member of winning classes. 

Suggestions 

Have class trials frequently before tak- 
ing final records. 
Encourage the boys to practice by them- 



86 



Right-BRESS 



selves in the yard, on the street, at home 
or elsewhere. 

Write the boys' names upon the black- 
boards, if you have the space; if not, write 
the names upon a sheet of paper and pin it 
up. Enter the boys' records as they bring 
them to you. 

A woman should not be afraid to take 
hold of this form of athletics. It is not how 
far the boys can jump ; it is getting them to 
want to jumip. This a woman can do as 
well as a man, perhaps better. 

Divide the class into squads and appoint 
captains; encourage emulation among the 
squads. (See Plate XXVII.' 

Note — In a recent circular of instructions on the 
Pull-up" competition it is specified that "no kick, 

snap, jerk or swing " will be allowed. It must be a 

dead pull. 




PLATE XX\'. Third Exercise — Front. 



CHEST EXPANSIOX 



In addition to the foregoing exercises, 
I recommend a similar competition in de- 
veloping the lungs by deep breathing. 
The breathing exercise in the Two Minute 
Drill" will acquire a vivifying purpose if 
the boy knows that by increasing his lung 
capacity he is helping to secure a trophy for 
his class. 

At the beginning of the term have each 
boy and girl carefully measured, and the 
size of the chest contracted and expanded 
put down in some permanent form By 
daily practice in the class-room and what 
is better, in the open air, under the impulse 
of competition, a very noticeable improve- 
ment in lung capacity will be accomplished 
by the end of the term. And, what is more 
to the point, a habit will be formed that in 
my opinion will make more for health and 
stre gth than all the athletics" in the 
world. 

The suggestion that the class be divided 

into squads under a captain will apply here 

89 



90 



Right-DRiiss 



also. One gymnasium period a month 
might well be set aside for measurements 
by the teacher to note and record improve- 
ment. 

The scholar's record of improvement in 
chest expansion should be sent along with 
him to the next class. After a time stand- 
ards could be set and each class showing 
an average expansion equal to or greater 
than the standard receive a certificate to 
that effect. A picture, for the decoration 
of the school room, given as a prize, would 
stimulate the interest of the teacher. 

The International Tuberculosis Exhibit 
recently held in Washington and New York, 
has called attention to the prevalence of 
consumption and to the effectiveness of 
systematic deep breathing in preventing 
and curing this dread disease. I believe 
that if the rising generation can be induced 
to form the habit of deep breathing and to 
take a pride in their chest expansion, they 
will be better men and women in every sense 
of the word, and that tuberculosis will 
cease to be the scourge it is to-day. 

In a bulletin issued by the Health De- 
partment of Chicago, a noted physician is 
quoted as saying that ^'Only those who are 
too lazy to breathe, have consumption." 




PLATE XXVI. Fourth Exercise — Leg, Up. 



93 



i\nd I assert without fear of contradic- 
tion, that only through competition can 
the active interest of the children be aroused. 



PULL UP. 

CHINNING THE BAR. 
8A' 






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1 

5. 

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4 

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5 

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73 















PLATE XXVU. Class Athletics Record Card. 



INDEX 



About, Face, lo Facing Distance (see In- 
Alignment, 13 terval) 

As you were, 8 Fall in, 8, 14 

Attention, 7, 16 Fall out, 16 

File (see Column) 

Back Step, 2 Flank (Right or Left), 
Balance Step, 19 23, 24 

Break Ranks, 16 Forming Ranks, 11 

Breathing, 28, 42 Front, 12 



Change Direction (To), 25 Halt, 20, 21 
Change Step, 24 

Chest Expansion, 42 Interval, 17 

Class Athletics, 36 Jumping, 37 

Close Order (see Interval) Left, Dress, 14 

Column II Left, To the, Face, 10 

Column Right or Left, 25 Line (see Rank) 
Commands, 7 

Counting, 15 Marching, 16 

Mark Time, 21 

Distance (see Interv'al) 

Double Time, 17 Open Order, 28 



Exercises, 27 
Eyes, Left, 14 
Eyes, Right, 12, 13 

Facings, 9, 10 



Parade Rest, 16 
Position, 8 
Pull up, 37 

QuickTime, 17, 20 

^5 



96 

Rank, ii 

Rear (To the), 24 
Rests, 16 
Right, Dress, 10 
Right, To the. Face, 9 
Running, 38 

Salute, 26 



INDEX 

Side Step, 22 
Stretching, 28 

Trophies, 36 

Two Minute Drill, 28 

L'nited States Army Setting 
up Drill, 31 



Apft 8. \m 



042 450 096 3 



